Land Use and Land Cover Shape River Water Quality at a Continental Caribbean Land-Ocean Interface
نویسندگان
چکیده
Land use and land cover (LULC) can significantly alter river water, which in turn have important impacts on downstream coastal ecosystems by delivering nutrients that promote marine eutrophication hypoxia. Well-documented temperate systems, less is known about the way relates to water quality low-lying zones tropics. Here we evaluate catchment LULC physical chemical characteristics of six rivers contribute flow into a seasonally hypoxic tropical bay Bocas del Toro, Panama. From July 2019 March 2020, routinely surveyed eight (temperature, specific conductivity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate nitrite, ammonium, phosphate). Our goals were determine how these reflect LULC, compare focal across Panama, discuss potential discharge Bay. Overall, found different be linked 10 s kilometers apart could differ drastically. Two catchments dominated pristine peat swamp vegetation San Pond Sak, showed typical blackwater rivers, with low oxygen, nutrients. The remaining four largely mountainous >50% forest cover. In variation nutrient concentrations associated percent urbanization. Comparisons Panamanian covered national survey our shows saltwater intrusions DO may result their classification standardized index as having slightly contaminated quality, despite this being natural state. Examination deforestation over last 20 years, show changes <10% catchments, larger small suggest past years contributes Almirante Bay shifted response moderate changes. (See supplementary information for Spanish-language abstract).
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in water
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2624-9375']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.737920